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| The Strategic Programme Framework for Central Asia 2008 - 2011
This document has not been formally edited. It is not an official document of the United Nations. The designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations.
Document elaborated by:
INTRODUCTIONThe Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan face a variety of security threats and developmental challenges. These include terrorism, escalating rates of drug abuse and a commensurately increasing HIV/AIDS rate, insufficient border controls that make it an ideal transit corridor for opium and heroin originating from Afghanistan and high levels of corruption that facilitates organized crime. The Strategic Programme Framework for Central Asia 2008 - 2011 (SPF) outlines a coherent policy guiding activities of the Regional Office for Central Asia (ROCA) for the forthcoming four years and is based on a situation analysis aimed at placing drug control and crime prevention issues in the context of the overall political, economic, social and security situation in the region. This document will serve as a guide for UNODC's work in Central Asia, including support for the six regional strategic objectives of UNODC Regional Strategy for West and Central Asia (WCA): i. Improved regional coordination ii. Mutual Legal Assistance iii. Enhanced information / intelligence collection, analysis and exchange iv. Effective regional precursor chemical control v. Strengthened border control & cross-border cooperation vi. Effective responses to drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care ROCA has been designated as lead office for information/intelligence collection, analysis and exchange activities, precursor controls and regional mutual legal assistance as well as for creating adequate linkages regarding such issues in other WCA countries. Further, to address effectively the primary issues in regard to organized crime, corruption, human trafficking and terrorism that affect the region, an additional objective is included in this strategy: vii. Strengthened national capacities in countering transnational organized crime (i.e. human trafficking and smuggling of migrants), corruption, money laundering & terrorism
This SPF takes into consideration consultations within the regional UN Country Teams on the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), discussions with UN partners in the Theme Group on HIV/AIDS, as well as those with UNODC's counterparts in the Governments of Central Asian states. These are specifically the Ministries of Interior, Health, Justice, Education and Internal Affairs. The strategic framework intends to support ongoing United Nations efforts to enhance efficiency and responsiveness through the UN Reform and One UN Initiatives that aim to avoid fragmentation and duplication of development efforts. It also reflects discussions with bilateral and multilateral donor representatives, and ongoing and potential, in Central Asian countries, in Paris Pact meetings and in other fora. Internally, this SPF bases itself on the feedback received from senior management both at the Regional and Headquarter level. It understands the need to consult with sister agencies and like-minded organizations (e.g. Asia Development Bank, CIS, CSTO, OSCE, NATO-Russia Council, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, UNDP, World Bank, etc) at the onset to jointly establish priority directions, build synergies and common approaches so as to better coordinate and cooperate at later stages. Lastly, civil society organizations which have the key role of working at the grass roots level with the final beneficiaries will be further consulted. This process will continue throughout the SPF's lifetime with the understanding that ongoing consultations will continue to provide valuable inputs that help to shape UNODC's overall strategy to combat human security threat in Central Asia and contribute to overall better and more efficient resource utilization.
I. PRIORITY PROBLEMSA. SUBSTANTIVE PROBLEMS AND DRIVING FACTORS1: Central Asia is one of the key transit corridors for Afghanistan-origin opium and heroin In 2006, opium cultivation in Afghanistan rose to 165,000 hectares, a 59% increase over 2005. An unprecedented 6,100 tons of opium has been harvested, making Afghanistan virtually the sole supplier to the world. [1] In the last decade opiates seizures in heroin equivalent in Central Asia have increased four times and in 2006 amounted to 4.2 tons. [2] It is estimated that a total of 118 tons of heroin and 34 tons of opium were trafficked via Central Asia to the Russian Federation and Europe in 2006 [3] with undetermined amounts also trafficked to Western China (Xinjiang Province). 2. Increasing diversion and trafficking of precursors. Recent surveys and analysis estimate that more than 70% of Afghan opium is subsequently converted into heroin within Afghanistan. At current production levels, this requires the availability of an estimated 1,500 tons of acetic anhydride (AA) and about 9,000 of other chemicals and precursors into the country every year. Afghanistan has neither the local production capacity nor local licit use for AA. Seizures of acetic anhydride in the areas where heroin is actually manufactured has been minimal and no seizures of acetic anhydride have been reported in Central Asia or the other surrounding countries in recent years. Furthermore, while China and India continue to report seizures of acetic anhydride, information on individual cases is lacking, making it impossible to determine routes or destinations. 3: Opiate abuse affects increasing portion of the adult population. Recent data suggests that the drug abuse problem in Central Asia continues to increase. Since 1996, the rate of registered drug users per 100,000 of population has more than doubled in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, whereas Tajikistan saw a seven-fold upsurge. Most drug abusers are reportedly young and inject opiates - mainly heroin. Current annual prevalence of opiate abuse is estimated to be around one percent of the adult population (between 15 - 64 years) in the region. 4: Injecting drug users (IDUs) and prison inmates are highly vulnerable to HIV infection. In recent years the Eastern European and Central Asian regions have reported some of the highest rates of increase in HIV infections. Since 1996, new HIV cases in the region have increased 25 times. There is a concentrated HIV epidemic among IDUs depending on the country, between 60 to 80 percent of the HIV cases are reported to be of IDUs. There is both a very limited awareness among this group regarding risks of transmission through needle-sharing as well as a higher probability of high-risk sexual behaviour. 5: Since its independence each Central Asian country has strived to establish the rule of law and is in the process of comprehensive justice system reform. Although the situation in each country varies to a considerable extent, organized crime, involving all forms of illicit trafficking and money laundering presents a serious problem for all Central Asian states. Corruption, especially drug-related, threatens to undermine Central Asian states' law enforcement capabilities and negatively affects social and economic development. [4] Unequal economic development has led to increased labour migration within the region and outwards to its periphery and beyond. Criminal groups take advantage of these migratory trends to prey on labourers as well as young women, for both labor slavery and sexual exploitation purposes. In addition, in adequate public servant salaries in some countries contribute directly to integrity weaknesses in some law enforcement and justice sectors, thereby impeding the fight against all forms of trafficking and other organized crime. In order to tackle these problems the reinforcement of the rule of law is an urgent challenge. 6: Terrorist groups are often directly linked to criminal activities including drug trafficking. Local and international terrorism is characterized by a spectrum of groups, networks and ideologies. Since the terrorist attacks in New York on September 11 th, 2001, interdiction efforts aimed at sources of terrorist income have made financing terrorism more difficult. As a consequence, reliance on drug trade or other criminal proceeds may have increased, as it has in Afghanistan. B. POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS IN ADDRESSING PROBLEMSAll five Central Asian states are parties to the three international drug control conventions, four of them ratified the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Kazakhstan has signed it, but not ratified yet), and to date, three states, namely Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan became parties to the Convention against Corruption. Only two of the Central Asian states (Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan) have adopted legislation on money laundering and confiscation of criminal assets and have established Financial Intelligence Units. International cooperation in fighting drug trafficking, organized crime and related activities is jeopardized by the lack of bilateral mutual legal assistance and extradition treaties with most countries outside the CIS. Moreover, competent national authorities in terms of extradition and legal assistance have insufficiently trained human resources and weak infrastructures. Effective drug interdiction and border controls are hampered by lack of national and regional level cooperation and information sharing/exchange among legal and law enforcement authorities. The lack of national and regional mechanisms for intelligence collection and exchange, coupled with the absence of clearly identified focal points in each country, is hampering efforts towards the promotion of regional and international cooperation in the field of law enforcement. Moreover, countries in the region often have limited capacities in regard to training in modern investigatory for law enforcement officers. Although a number of initiatives have taken place to involve Afghanistan (e.g. joint trainings within NATO-Russia Council, border and precursors control projects; Tajik DCA liaison offices established in Afghanistan) cooperation between Central and South Asia is still at an early stage. Building on these first steps, ROCA's strategy is to expand and deepen Afghanistan-Central Asia cooperation through inter alia continuing cross-border cooperation, enhancing information/intelligence sharing and eventually involving Afghanistan in CARICC. National and regional responses to the problem of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS are constrained by the lack of resources - primarily that of limited technical expertise and the capacity to implement effective programmes for prevention and treatment of drug abuse. In some countries, e.g., Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, although prison based programmes for drug abuse treatment and HIV/AIDS prevention and care have been initiated, the prison system remains a sector requiring much attention. In the absence of a comprehensive communication strategy for the prevention of drug abuse, there is a lack of integrated prevention initiatives, i.e. the development of school and community-based prevention programmes and linked mass media campaigns. This result is that many youth of the region are not following a healthy lifestyle and are susceptible to drug abuse and the contraction of HIV/AIDS.
Civil society organizations have yet to take on a major role in prevention and treatment of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS and very few treatment and rehabilitation programmes can be termed as community-based in their approach and setting. Similarly, while services of HIV prevention among injecting drug users have been initiated in all the countries, these interventions are constrained by their low level of coverage of clients and with a limited range of services offered. Finally, monitoring capacities, whether focused on the drug/HIV situation, services delivered or intervention outcomes need to be developed and strengthened. Capacities and awareness among officials in regard to human trafficking are very limited , which further handicaps efforts already hampered by the twin problems of public corruption and lack of cooperative links between source, transit and destination States. Much needs to be done in terms of legislative development and establishment of enforcement mechanisms. Regional cooperation in this area is also lacking. II. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVESA. Overall strategyOverlaying the strategy will be the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals, where applicable, and the "Political Declaration of Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction" adopted by the 1998 United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) devoted to "Countering the World Drug Problem" and the "Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS" passed by the UNGASS 2001. This framework is fully in line with the mandates of UNODC as set out by UNGASS 1998 and 2001, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Crime Commission. The SPF equally fits within the UNODC Medium-term Strategy (2008-2011), highlighting three priorities: (i) Rule of Law, (ii) Policy and Trend Analysis, and (iii) Prevention, Treatment and Reintegration and Alternative Development. In particular, being the lead agency in the region for HIV/AIDS prevention and care among injecting drug users, prisoners and trafficked women, ROCA will provide leadership in such initiatives in the region. Drug trafficking, terrorism and organized crime have a trans-national or global character and therefore require a co-operative global response. In accordance with UNODC's mandates and the Regional Strategic Paper for West and Central Asia (Dubai April 2006), a central component and recurring theme in ROCA's strategy is cooperation and coordination as one of the keys to fight the global threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime. Therefore, this SPF promotes coordination among bi-lateral and multi-lateral donors in the area of drug control and crime prevention as well as interagency cooperation with international organizations. Finally, sub-regional and inter-regional cooperation is an overreaching objective reflected in a number of ROCA projects. Cooperation of this kind is crucial in order to counter the drug and precursor trade problem at the regional level on which it operates. These strategic objectives will be supported through the following actions:
- Advisory services in relevant fields of expertise: Based on its expertise and long-term presence in Central Asia, UNODC provides advisory services and technical assistance primarily to the governments, but also to other UN agencies and international and local institutions. UNODC, within its mandate and area of expertise, assists respective governments in upgrading drug and HIV/AIDS related policy/legislation and developing national anti-corruption policies and mechanisms, strengthening judicial integrity and capacity, and promoting integrity in the public and private sectors. UNODC is also highly committed to expanding its ongoing work on in the region. Major objectives in this field are the bringing the legislation into conformance with the three drug control conventions; the Transnational Organized Crime Convention and Protocols; and the Convention against Corruption. They also include elaboration, adoption and implementation of comprehensive Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating Financing of Terrorism (CFT) and Confiscation of Criminal Assets laws and regulations and facilitation the setting up and improvement of Financial Intelligence Units, where appropriate coupled with the provision of assistance to improve the systems related to extradition and legal mutual assistance.
- Institution/capacity building: UNODC will continue to be involved in extensive institution-building efforts such as the assistance provided to Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the establishment and strengthening of Drug Control Agencies (DCA). Border control among the Central Asian states neighboring Afghanistan will be strengthened further with the inclusion of mobile interdiction teams and Border Liaison Offices in addition to support to fixed border posts, in order to improve the anti-trafficking capacity of national law enforcement agencies. In the area of precursor control, UNODC will continue to upgrade technical skills of the personnel involved and will continue to create and support projects which uphold the principle of sustainability. UNODC recognizes that sustainability is an end state or condition that is not easily achievable. Hence, we seek to implement projects which will continue to be effective long after they are completed. Regarding the institution building projects to establish DCAs in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, UNODC is seeking to inculcate an institutional culture of constant improvement through up-skilling and learning to keep up with constant changes in criminals' activities. Alongside this, the governments of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have pledged to scale-up their funding of the DCAs to ensure their financial viability once donor funding ceases. Such efforts in the region aim at ensuring the sustainability of international assistance at the medium and short-term level.
- Building strategic partnerships: UNODC's role is to provide expertise and advice, advocate best practices, and share its information base with relevant partners, with a view to promote joint activities and optimise operational synergies with partners. In view of the established cooperation framework, UNODC's assistance in the area of anti-corruption will be developed in close cooperation with UN sister agencies such as the United Nations Development Programme and international partners, including World Bank, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Working especially with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), UNODC will promote the ratification and implementation of treaties in regard to terrorism as well as technical capacity building among legal practitioners. UNODC as the lead agency in the UNAIDS family on HIV/AIDS prevention and care among injecting drug users, in prison settings and as it relates to trafficking in human beings, will continue to interact closely with all co-sponsors and other international organizations on promoting effective responses in these areas. In regard to training, UNODC expects to continue its partnership with the NATO-Russia Council.
- Assessing the drug and crime situation and exchanging information within the region and beyond: While the ultimate aim of the Central Asian Regional Information Coordination Center (CARICC) is to gather, analyze and disseminate operational intelligence, it is initially likely to focus on strategic intelligence. The complexity and transnational nature of drug and crime problems necessitates the deepening of informational and analytical links among those countries most affected by Afghan-origin drug trafficking. The effective monitoring of the drug trade in Central Asia involves the identification of trends in the region and beyond, requiring the establishment of extra-regional information exchange mechanisms. The Paris Pact project also will continue to facilitate joint assessment and programming missions, expert networking in priority areas, and increasing trend analysis on supply and demand situation in key countries.
B. Strategic objectives by programme sectors:Strategic objective 1 - Improved Regional CoordinationThe Memorandum of Understanding on Sub-Regional Drug Control Cooperation of 1996 which joined together the five Central Asian republics, Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, the Aga Khan Development Network and UNODC has established a framework for sub-regional drug control cooperation. A number of important cooperation initiatives, such as CARICC, have been subsequently developed and supported under the framework of the MOU. Additional efforts should be invested into further development of the Central Asian MOU for it to facilitate joint operational activities. In line with the larger regional strategy, this SPF will promote greater cooperation and unity of action in the larger region, to include South Asia and the Caucasus. The coordination mechanisms for donor assistance established under the Paris Pact will continue to inform stakeholders on the assistance provided in the region, with a view to identifying potential gaps in assistance and also avoid duplication. Based on the spring 2006 evaluation, the Paris Pact project was extended. A new focus will be on increasing and improving local and thematic trend research and analysis, expert networking across the various programs in the region, and priority project design. Strategic objective 2 - Mutual Legal AssistanceMany states have expressed increasing interest in initiating and promoting effective law enforcement and judicial cooperation among the countries of origin, transit and destination of Afghan opiates, in particular with regard to extradition, MLA, confiscation and controlled deliveries. This is a response to the gaps that still exist in formal and informal international cooperation in combating drug trafficking, transnational organised crime, corruption, money laundering and terrorism. Criminals see globalization as an opportunity, and too often judges, prosecutors and police see their national borders as concrete walls, and their power as not to be encroached upon. To harmonize legal systems and members of the executive as to the substance, procedure and practice of the law, and to strengthen international cooperation in combating trans-national criminal activity, action should be taken. Priorities are the upgrading of drug, crime and terrorism related legislation in the region, in a concerted and harmonized manner allowing regional cooperation, through the elaboration and adoption of effective domestic laws on MLA in freezing and confiscation of criminal assets, extradition and controlled delivery. Strategic objective 3 - Enhanced Information / Intelligence Collection, Analysis and ExchangeBilateral cross-border cooperation and information/intelligence exchange mechanisms are being developed between Central Asian countries, Tajikistan/Afghanistan, Afghanistan/Pakistan, and Afghanistan/Iran. All national and regional mechanisms, however, are in their developmental stages, and require further refinement to be fully effective at operational, tactical and strategic levels. The creation of CARICC ensures the more systematic collection, exchange and analysis of information to guide national and regional operations, and will help overcome the present lack of cooperation among agencies at national levels. In this context also, it will be important to continue to build on the experiences of the RER/F23 project for Central Asia in order to solidify the groundwork for a successful CARICC. As part of the regional strategy, the cooperation of all countries in the region with CARICC, including Pakistan and Iran, needs to be defined, as well as between CARICC and other regional/international institutions that operate in drug and crime areas, including ICPO-Interpol, Europol, WCO and INCB-led precursor control activities. Strategic objective 4 - Effective Regional Precursor Chemical ControlCentral Asian countries are implementing precursor control action, increasing their regional law enforcement cooperation and participate increasingly in international operations, of which Operation Trans-shipment is but one example. Priorities for UNODC are the linkage of national, regional and international precursor chemical projects, not only among actors in the region, but equally with third party initiatives, and with potential source or transit countries outside the region. The regional effort is to focus on joint regional information collection and sharing, risk profiling and analysis, and joint precursor control operations. Strategic objective 5 - Strengthened Border Control & Cross-Border CooperationThe main pillar of UNODC's drug control strategy in the region is strengthening border control of Central Asian countries, particularly those neighboring Afghanistan to interdict illicit drugs and their precursors, and to facilitate increased licit traffic across borders. This pillar has several components. UNODC will continue to provide equipment and training, particularly computer-based-training, based on a 'train the trainer' model. Green border security is being improved through measures such as the establishment of mobile border interdiction units. Cross-border cooperation, especially with Afghanistan, is being promoted on the ground through the establishment of border liaison offices. At higher levels it is being supported through meetings, conferences and other mechanisms to bring relevant national authorities, international organisations and donors together. This will have the practical effect of improving operational coordination at the national and sub-regional levels. Importantly, moving CARICC to the operational stage will increase the forms and effectiveness of sub-regional cooperation. To improve cooperation within the donor community, UNODC will continue to develop the Paris Pact database. Strategic objective 6 - Effective Responses for Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment and CareIn the current strategic programme framework, UNODC/ROCA will focus on providing support to member states in the region in implementation of a) community centred primary prevention programmes; b) HIV/AIDS prevention and care among injecting drug users, in prison settings and as it relates to trafficking in human beings; c) drug dependence treatment and rehabilitation; and d) monitoring of drug abuse, HIV/AIDS trends and services provided, as well as evaluation of responses. Key components of the strategy will include helping national counterparts and civil society organizations develop and implement evidence-based programmes grounded on international best practices and guidelines; build capacity of programme planners and service providers to implement the various components of the programmes; foster partnership with civil society organizations, NGO and community leaders for delivery of community based initiatives; allow sharing of experiences within the regional counterparts and with other international organizations through networking and twining; and build capacities to monitor the drug abuse and HIV situation and evaluate the responses at local and national levels to improve their effectiveness. Strategic objective 7 - Strengthened National Capacities in Countering Trans-national Organized Crime, Corruption, Money Laundering & Terrorism. All countries of the region will have more effective legal and institutional frameworks in place, in compliance with the respective conventions, and will have made significant progress in addressing transnational organized crime (i.e. human trafficking and smuggling of migrants), corruption, money laundering and terrorism. All countries will have signed all 13 conventions against terrorism and governments will have put in place effective measures for cooperation in investigations of terrorist acts and action against terrorist organizations. Working in partnership with multilateral and bilateral institutions engaged in the fight against human trafficking, UNODC will help to increase awareness among the public and governmental organizations as well as provide assistance to the victims of human trafficking, in line with anti-human trafficking Protocol and relevant international standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. In assisting the governments with bringing their legislation into conformance with the Transnational Organized Crime Convention and Protocols, the UNODC will continue to cooperate with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). UNODC, within its mandate and area of expertise, will assist respective governments to develop national anti-corruption policies and mechanisms, strengthen judicial integrity and capacity, and promote integrity in the public and private sectors. With UNODC's increased law enforcement portfolio, additional anti-corruption activities will be implemented to strengthen integrity mechanisms in law enforcement bodies. In view of the established cooperation framework, UNODC's anti-corruption assistance will be developed in close cooperation with international partners, including the World Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), OSCE and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Working especially with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), UNODC will promote the ratification and implementation of treaties regarding terrorism, as well as technical capacity building among legal practitioners. UNODC will also support the elaboration, adoption and implementation of comprehensive Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) laws and regulations, and facilitate the establishment of Financial Intelligence Units, where appropriate. With further assistance of the Global Programme against Money Laundering and the World Bank, a regional anti-money laundering advisor will continue provide assistance in the region.
III. UNODC OPERATIONAL TARGETS (2007-2011)The objectives of the Strategic Programme Framework will be pursued through a set of ongoing and pipeline projects. A new phase of the Paris Pact Initiative project to ensure further coordination of bilateral and multilateral assistance has already been formulated. A table of UNODC projects and proposed projects in the region is annexed to this document. 1. Improved Regional CoordinationThis is supported primarily through support to the MOU and the activities of the Central Asian segment of the Paris Pact project. Targets:
Achievement Indicators:
2. Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)MLA is somewhat of a misnomer since this objective includes actions such as controlled deliveries as well as MLA. This objective is supported by the global legal assistance project covering the CIS and a controlled delivery project. Targets:
Achievement Indicators:
3. Enhanced Information / Intelligence Collection, Analysis and ExchangeThese objectives are primarily supported by the CARICC and the revised RER/F23 project to establish national intelligence analysis systems. Targets:
Achievement Indicators:
4. Effective Regional Precursor Chemical ControlThis objective is supported primarily by the RER/E29 Precursor Control Project Targets:
Achievement Indicators:
5. Strengthened Border Control & Cross-Border CooperationSeveral national border and mobile interdiction unit projects and project ideas support this objective. Targets:
Achievement Indicators:
6. Effective responses to drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and careThe objectives of the Strategic Programme Framework concerning HIV/AIDS prevention and care will be met through the ongoing project "Effective HIV/AIDS prevention and care among vulnerable populations in Central Asia", while the other components will be addressed though a series of new projects, each addressing one component, that will be developed covering the framework's period. The new projects wherever possible will also be linked in their objectives and activities with UNODC global programmes and projects. Targets
- Prevention of drug use; - Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependent persons; - HIV/AIDS prevention and care among injecting drug users, in prison settings and as it relates to trafficking in human beings; - Monitoring of the drug abuse and HIV/AIDS situation and evaluation of the responses (2011);
Achievement Indicators:
7. Strengthened national capacities in countering transnational organized crime (i.e. human trafficking and smuggling of migrants), corruption, money laundering & terrorism;In order to support this objective, UNODC ROCA is launching national projects on human trafficking and anti-corruption and developing projects in the area of Criminal Justice Reform. Further, the regional legal advisor and the regional AML/CFT mentor will support these activities. Targets
Achievement Indicators:
[1] UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2006 [2] Official seizures reported by Central Asian States: 1045 kg (1996) - 4225 kg (2006) [3] UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2006 [4] Of the 163 countries surveyed, Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index 2006 Central Asian countries' rankings ranged from Kazakhstan at 111th to Uzbekistan ranked 151st.
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