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Doha Declaration

Education for Justice

  • Home
    • E4J Global Dialogue Series December 2020
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    • E4J High Level Conference Vienna October 2019
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  • Secondary
    • Justice Accelerators
    • Model United Nations (MUN)
      • E4J MUN Resource Guide
        • Introduction
        • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
          • Corruption
          • Organized Crime
          • Firearms
          • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
          • Cybercrime
          • Terrorism
          • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice Reform
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          • Corruption
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          • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
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          • Terrorism
          • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
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      • Running out of Time
    • Online Games
      • Zorbs Reloaded
      • Disonante
    • Videos
      • Anti-Corruption
        • Introduction
        • Developing a Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Anti-Corruption Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Firearms Trafficking
        • Introduction
        • Developing a Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Firearms Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Human Trafficking
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Human Trafficking Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Organized Crime
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Organized Crime Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Human Trafficking Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Terrorism & Violent Extremism
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
    • Comics
    • Criminal Justice & Crime Prevention
    • Corruption & Integrity
    • Organized Crime
    • Cybercrime
    • Human Trafficking & Migrant Smuggling
    • Firearms Trafficking
    • Terrorism & Violent Extremism
    • UNODC-UNESCO Partnership for Global Citizenship Education
      • UNODC-UNESCO Guide for Policymakers
      • UNODC-UNESCO Handbooks for Teachers
  • Tertiary
    • Anti-Corruption
      • Module 1: What Is Corruption and Why Should We Care?
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Corruption - Baseline Definition
          • Effects of Corruption
          • Deeper Meanings of Corruption
          • Measuring Corruption
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
        • Appendix: How Corruption Affects the SDGs
      • Module 2: Corruption and Good Governance
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • What is Governance?
          • What is Good Governance?
          • Corruption and Bad Governance
          • Governance Reforms and Anti-Corruption
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 3: Corruption and Comparative Politics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Types of Political Systems
          • Corruption and Democracy
          • Corruption and Authoritarian Systems
          • Hybrid Systems and Syndromes of Corruption
          • The Deep Democratization Approach
          • Political Parties and Political Finance
          • Political Institution-building as a Means to Counter Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 4: Public Sector Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Manifestations and Consequences of Public Sector Corruption
          • Causes of Public Sector Corruption
          • Theories that Explain Corruption
          • Corruption in Public Procurement
          • Corruption in State-Owned Enterprises
          • Responses to Public Sector Corruption
          • Preventing Public Sector Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 5: Private Sector Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Forms & Manifestations of Private Sector Corruption
          • Consequences of Private Sector Corruption
          • Causes of Private Sector Corruption
          • Responses to Private Sector Corruption
          • Preventing Private Sector Corruption
          • Collective Action & Public-Private Partnerships against Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 6: Detecting and Investigating Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Transparency as a Precondition
          • Detection Mechanisms - Auditing and Reporting
          • Whistle-blowing Systems and Protections
          • Investigation of Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 7: Corruption and Human Rights
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Brief background on the human rights system
          • Overview of the corruption-human rights nexus
          • Impact of corruption on specific human rights
          • Approaches to assessing the corruption-human rights nexus
          • Human-rights based approach
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 8: Corruption and Gender
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining sex, gender and gender mainstreaming
          • Gender differences in corruption
          • Theories explaining the gender–corruption nexus
          • Gendered impacts of corruption
          • Anti-corruption and gender mainstreaming
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 9: Corruption in Education
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Manifestations of corruption in education
          • Costs of corruption in education
          • Causes of corruption in education
          • Fighting corruption in education
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 10: Citizen Participation in Anti-Corruption Efforts
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Core terms and concepts
          • The role of citizens in fighting corruption
          • The role, risks and challenges of CSOs fighting corruption
          • The role of the media in fighting corruption
          • Access to information: a condition for citizen participation
          • ICT as a tool for citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts
          • Government obligations to ensure citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
    • Counter-Terrorism
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Brief History of Terrorism
          • 19th Century Terrorism
          • League of Nations & Terrorism
          • United Nations & Terrorism
          • Terrorist Victimization
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Radicalization & Violent Extremism
          • Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
          • Drivers of Violent Extremism
          • International Approaches to PVE &CVE
          • Regional & Multilateral Approaches
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Rule of Law
          • UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
          • International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
          • Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
          • Regional & National Approaches
          • International Legal Frameworks
          • International Human Rights Law
          • International Humanitarian Law
          • International Refugee Law
          • Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Terrorism
          • Criminal Justice Responses
          • Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
          • Core International Crimes
          • International Courts and Tribunals
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • African Region
          • Inter-American Region
          • Asian Region
          • European Region
          • Middle East & Gulf Regions
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Core Principles of IHL
          • Categorization of Armed Conflict
          • Classification of Persons
          • IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
          • Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
          • Derogation during Public Emergency
          • Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 8: Right to Life
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Human Rights Instruments
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • International Humanitarian Law
          • Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
          • Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
          • Death Penalty
          • Enforced Disappearances
          • Armed Conflict Context
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          • Convention against Torture et al.
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • International Humanitarian Law
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 10: Arrest & Detention
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • International Human Rights Instruments
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • Key Contemporary Issues
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • Key Contemporary Issues
            • Investigative Phase
            • Trial & Sentencing Phase
          • Armed Conflict
        • Exercises & Case Studies
          • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • Regional & National Approaches
          • Key Contemporary Issues
          • Special Investigative Techniques
          • Surveillance & Interception of Communications
          • Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
          • Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Principle of Non-Discrimination
          • Freedom of Religion
          • Freedom of Expression
          • Freedom of Assembly
          • Freedom of Association
          • Fundamental Freedoms
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Definition of 'Victim'
          • Effects of Terrorism
          • Access to Justice
          • Recognition of the Victim
          • Legal Framework
            • Human Rights Instruments
            • International Human Rights Law
            • Regional Human Rights Instruments
            • Criminal Justice Mechanisms
            • Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
            • National Approaches
          • Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
          • Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
          • Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist fighters
          • Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and fundamental freedoms
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
    • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
      • Teaching Guide
        • Introduction
        • Overview of Modules
          • Thematic Areas
          • Content Breakdown
        • Module Adaptation & Design Guidelines
        • Teaching Methods
        • Conclusion
        • References
        • Acknowledgements
      • Module 1: United Nations Norms & Standards on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Introducing United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ vis-à-vis International Law
          • 2. Scope of United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ
          • 3. United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ in Operation
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 2: Crime Prevention
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Definition of Crime Prevention
          • 2. Key Crime Prevention Typologies
          • 2. (cont.) Tonry & Farrington’s Typology
          • 3. Crime Problem-Solving Approaches
          • 4. What Works
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Further Resources
          • United Nations Entities
          • Regional Crime Prevention Councils/Institutions
          • Key Clearinghouses
          • Systematic Reviews
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 3: Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Proceedings
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Introduction to International Standards & Norms
          • 2. Identifying the Need for Legal Aid
          • 3. Key Components of the Right of Access to Legal Aid
          • 4. Access to Legal Aid for Those with Specific Needs
          • 5. Models for Governing, Administering and Funding Legal Aid
          • 6. Models for Delivering Legal Aid Services
          • 7. Roles and Responsibilities of Legal Aid Providers
          • 8. Quality Assurance and Legal Aid Services
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 4: Use of Force and Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Context for Use of Force by Law Enforcement Officials
          • 2. Legal Framework
          • 3. General Principles of Use of Force in Law Enforcement
          • 4. Use of Firearms
          • 5. Use of “Less-Lethal” Weapons
          • 6. Protection of Especially Vulnerable Groups
          • 7. Use of Force during Assemblies
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 5: Police Accountability, Integrity and Oversight
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Policing in democracies & need for accountability, integrity, oversight
          • 2. Key mechanisms & actors in police accountability, oversight
          • 3. Crosscutting & contemporary issues in police accountability
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 6: Prison Reform
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Introducing Aims of Punishment, Imprisonment & Prison Reform
          • 2. Current Trends, Challenges & Human Rights
          • 3. Towards Humane Prisons & Alternative Sanctions
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 7: Alternatives to Imprisonment
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Aims and Significance of Alternatives to Imprisonment
          • 2. Justifying Punishment in the Community
          • 3. Pretrial Alternatives
          • 4. Post Trial Alternatives
          • 5. Evaluating Alternatives
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 8: Restorative Justice
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Concept, Values and Origin of Restorative Justice
          • 2. Overview of Restorative Justice Processes
          • 3. How Cost Effective is Restorative Justice?
          • 4. Issues in Implementing Restorative Justice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 9: Gender in the Criminal Justice System
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Gender-Based Discrimination & Women in Conflict with the Law
          • 2. Vulnerabilities of Girls in Conflict with the Law
          • 3. Discrimination and Violence against LGBTI Individuals
          • 4. Gender Diversity in Criminal Justice Workforce
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 10: Violence against Women and Girls
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Ending Violence against Women
          • 2. Human Rights Approaches to Violence against Women
          • 3. Who Has Rights in this Situation?
          • 4. What about the Men?
          • 5. Local, Regional & Global Solutions to Violence against Women & Girls
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 11: Access to Justice for Victims
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Understanding the Concept of Victims of Crime
          • 2. Impact of Crime, including Trauma
          • 3. Right of Victims to Adequate Response to their Needs
          • 4. Collecting Victim Data
          • 5. Victims and their Participation in Criminal Justice Process
          • 6. Victim Services: Institutional and Non-Governmental Organizations
          • 7. Outlook on Current Developments Regarding Victims
          • 8. Victims of Crime and International Law
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 12: Violence against Children
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. The Many Forms of Violence against Children
          • 2. The Impact of Violence on Children
          • 3. States' Obligations to Prevent VAC and Protect Child Victims
          • 4. Improving the Prevention of Violence against Children
          • 5. Improving the Criminal Justice Response to VAC
          • 6. Addressing Violence against Children within the Justice System
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 13: Justice for Children
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. The Role of the Justice System
          • 2. Convention on the Rights of the Child & International Legal Framework on Children's Rights
          • 3. Justice for Children
          • 4. Justice for Children in Conflict with the Law
          • 5. Realizing Justice for Children
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 14: Independence of the Judiciary and the Role of Prosecutors
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1a. Judicial Independence as Fundamental Value of Rule of Law & of Constitutionalism
          • 1b. Main Factors Aimed at Securing Judicial Independence
          • 2a. Public Prosecutors as ‘Gate Keepers’ of Criminal Justice
          • 2b. Institutional and Functional Role of Prosecutors
          • 2c. Other Factors Affecting the Role of Prosecutors
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Cybercrime
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basics of Computing
          • Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
          • Cybercrime in Brief
          • Cybercrime Trends
          • Cybercrime Prevention
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Offences against computer data and systems
          • Computer-related offences
          • Content-related offences
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • The Role of Cybercrime Law
          • Harmonization of Laws
          • International and Regional Instruments
          • International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Digital Evidence
          • Digital Forensics
          • Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Reporting Cybercrime
          • Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
          • Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
          • Knowledge Management
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Legal and Ethical Obligations
          • Handling of Digital Evidence
          • Digital Evidence Admissibility
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
          • Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
          • Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
          • Data Retention, Preservation and Access
          • Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
          • National Capacity and International Cooperation
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Internet Governance
          • Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
          • National Cybersecurity Strategies
          • International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
          • Cybersecurity Posture
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
          • Risk
          • Vulnerability Disclosure
          • Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
          • Situational Crime Prevention
          • Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
          • Privacy and Security
          • Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
          • Data Protection Legislation
          • Data Breach Notification Laws
          • Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Intellectual Property: What it is
          • Types of Intellectual Property
          • Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
          • Protection & Prevention Efforts
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
          • Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
          • Cyberbullying
          • Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
          • Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
          • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
          • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
          • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
          • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Hacktivism
          • Cyberespionage
          • Cyberterrorism
          • Cyberwarfare
          • Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
          • Responses to Cyberinterventions
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Firearms
      • Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Framing the Issue of Firearms
          • Direct Impact of Firearms
          • Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
          • International and National Responses
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Typology and Classification of Firearms
          • Common Firearms Types
          • 'Other' Types of Firearms
          • Parts and Components
          • Ammunition
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • History of the Legitimate Arms Market
          • Need for a Legitimate Market
          • Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
          • Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
          • Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
          • Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
          • Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
          • Sources of Illicit Firearms
          • Consequences of Illicit Markets
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Public Law & Transnational Law
          • International Instruments with Global Outreach
          • Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global Instruments
          • Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
          • Other United Nations Processes
          • The Sustainable Development Goals
          • Multilateral & Regional Instruments
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Scope of National Firearms Regulations
          • National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
          • Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms Instruments
          • Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
          • Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
          • Criminal Gangs
          • Terrorist Groups
          • Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist Groups
          • Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
          • International Response
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International and National Legal Framework
          • Firearms Related Offences
          • Role of Law Enforcement
          • Firearms as Evidence
          • Use of Special Investigative Techniques
          • International Cooperation and Information Exchange
          • Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Integrity & Ethics
      • Teaching Guide
        • Introduction
        • Teaching Methods & Principles
        • Ethical Learning Environments
        • Overview of Modules
        • Module Adaption & Design Guidelines
        • Table of Exercises
        • Acknowledgements
      • Module 1: Conceptual Framework
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 2: Ethics & Universal Values
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 3: Ethics & Society
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 4: Ethical Leadership
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 5: Ethics, Diversity, Pluralism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 6: Challenges to Ethical Living
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 7: Strategies for Ethical Action
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 8: Behavioural Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 9: Gender Dimension of Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basic Terms
          • Forms of Gender Discrimination
          • Ethics of Care
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 10: Media Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 11: Business Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 12: Integrity, Ethics & Law
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 13: Public Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 14: Professional Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies for Professional Ethics
          • Case Studies for Role Morality
          • Additional Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
    • Organized Crime
      • Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Organized Crime
          • Definition in Convention
          • Similarities & Differences
          • Activities, Organization, Composition
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
          • Conspiracy
          • Criminal Association
          • Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
          • Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
          • Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Drug Trafficking
          • Firearms Trafficking
          • Wildlife & Forest Crime
          • Counterfeit Products Trafficking
          • Falsified Medical Products
          • Trafficking in Cultural Property
          • Trafficking in Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Extortion
          • Extortion Racketeering
          • Loansharking
          • Links to Corruption
          • Bribery versus Extortion
          • Money-Laundering
          • Liability of Legal Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • How much Organized Crime is there?
          • Alternative Ways for Measuring
          • Measuring Product Markets
          • Risk Assessment
          • Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
          • Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
          • Risk Assessment of Product Markets
          • Risk Assessment in Practice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Exercises & Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Positivism: Environmental Influences
          • Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
          • Structural Factors
          • Ethical Perspective
          • Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Models and Structure
          • Hierarchical Model
          • Local, Cultural Model
          • Enterprise or Business Model
          • Groups vs Activities
          • Networked Structure
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Jurisdiction
          • Investigators of Organized Crime
          • Special Investigative Techniques
            • Controlled Deliveries
            • Physical & Electronic Surveillance
            • Undercover Operations
            • Financial Analysis
            • Use of Informants
          • Rights of Victims & Witnesses
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Role of Prosecutors
          • Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
          • Mitigating Punishment
          • Granting Immunity from Prosecution
          • Witness Protection
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
          • Sentencing Options
          • Alternatives to Imprisonment
          • Death Penalty & Organized Crime
          • Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
          • Confiscation
          • Confiscation in Practice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
          • Role Play
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: International Cooperation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
          • Extradition
          • Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
          • Transfer of Sentenced Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 12: Prevention of Organized Crime
      • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
          • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
          • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
          • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
          • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
          • Historical Context
          • Features of the Convention
          • Protocols
          • Related international instruments
          • UNODC
          • Conference of the Parties
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • MUN Simulation
            • Format
            • Roles of Participants
            • Structure and Flow
            • Recommended Topics
            • Background Materials
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
          • Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
          • Gender and Organized Crime
          • Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Definitions and Terminology
          • Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
          • International Terrorism-related Conventions
          • UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
          • Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
          • Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
          • Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
          • Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
          • Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
          • Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
          • Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
          • Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
          • Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
          • Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
          • Summary
          • References
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Review and Assessment Questions
          • Quiz 16
          • Research and Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
          • UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
          • Offences under the Protocol
          • Financial & Other Material Benefits
          • Aggravating Circumstances
          • Criminal Liability
          • Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
          • Scope of the Protocol
          • Humanitarian Exemption
          • Jurisdiction
          • Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
          • Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
          • International Human Rights and Refugee Law
          • Vulnerable groups
          • Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
          • Identification of Smuggled Migrants
          • Participation in Legal Proceedings
          • Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
          • Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
          • Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
          • Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
          • Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
          • Testimonial Evidence
          • Financial Investigations
          • Media
          • Non-Governmental Organizations
          • ‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
          • Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
          • Admissibility of Evidence
          • Sentencing
          • International Cooperation
          • Exchange of Information
          • Training
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
          • Administrative Approach
          • Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
          • Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
          • Human Security
          • International Aid and Cooperation
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Migration & Migrant Smuggling
          • Mixed Migration Flows
          • Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
          • Vulnerability
          • Profile of Smugglers
          • Role of Organized Criminal Groups
          • Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
        • Exercises
        • Additional Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Crime of Trafficking in Persons
          • International Legal Framework
          • The Issue of Consent
          • The Purpose of Exploitation
          • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
          • Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
          • Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
          • Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Root Causes
          • Supply Side Prevention Strategies
          • Demand Side Prevention Strategies
          • Role of the Media
          • Safe Migration Channels
          • Crime Prevention Strategies
          • Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Trafficked Persons as Victims
          • Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
          • Broader International Framework
          • State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
          • Identification of Victims
          • Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
          • Role of the Criminal Justice System
          • Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
          • Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
          • Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
          • Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • State Cooperation with Civil Society
          • Civil Society Actors
          • The Private Sector
          • The Public
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Comparing SOM and TIP
          • Differences and Commonalities
          • Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
          • When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
            • Labour Exploitation
            • Forced Marriage
            • Other Examples
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Children on the Move
          • Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
          • Protection in Practice
          • Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
          • International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
          • Global Overview on TIP and SOM
          • Gender and Migration
          • Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
          • Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
          • Responses to TIP and SOM
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
          • Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
          • Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
          • Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
          • Privacy and Data Concerns
          • Emerging Trends
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Wildlife Crime
      • Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Demand and Consumption
          • Data
          • Supply and Demand
          • Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
          • Legal and Illegal Markets
          • Perpetrators and their Networks
          • Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Environmental Protection & Conservation
          • CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
          • Organized Crime & Corruption
          • Animal Welfare
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
          • Criminalization of Wildlife Trafficking
          • Challenges for Law Enforcement
          • Investigation Measures and Detection Methods
          • DNA
          • Prosecution and Judiciary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
          • Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
          • How is it Done and Who is Involved?
          • Consequences of Harms to Wild Flora
          • Criminal Justice Responses
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Terminology
          • Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement
          • Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation
          • Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies
          • International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs
          • Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking
          • Critiques of community engagement
          • Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Global Podcast Series
    • Events, Calls, Stories
      • Apr. 2021: Call for Expressions of Interest: Online training for academics from francophone Africa
      • Feb. 2021: Series of Seminars for Universities of Central Asia
      • Dec. 2020: UNODC and TISS Conference on Access to Justice to End Violence
      • Nov. 2020: Expert Workshop for University Lecturers and Trainers from the Commonwealth of Independent States
      • Oct. 2020: E4J Webinar Series: Youth Empowerment through Education for Justice
      • Interview: How to use E4J's tool in teaching on TIP and SOM
      • E4J-Open University Online Training-of-Trainers Course
      • Teaching Integrity and Ethics Modules: Survey Results
    • Grants Programmes
    • Partners
    • Model United Nations (MUN)
      • E4J MUN Resource Guide
      • Engage with Us
      • Contact Us about MUN
      • Conferences Supporting E4J
  • Library of Resources
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  • Tertiary
  • Organized Crime
  • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
  • Additional Teaching Tools
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  • E4J University Module Series: Organized Crime

  • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets

  • Introduction and learning outcomes

  • Key issues

  • Drug trafficking
  • Firearms trafficking
  • Wildlife and forest crime
  • Counterfeit products trafficking
  • Manufacturing of and trafficking in falsified medical products
  • Trafficking in cultural property
  • Trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants
  • Summary
  • References
  • Exercises

  • Case studies and exercises
  • Thinking critically through fiction
  • Possible class structure

  • Core reading

  • Advanced reading

  • Student assessment

  • Review and assessment questions
  • Quiz 3
  • Research and independent study questions
  • Additional teaching tools

 

Published in April 2018, updated in February 2020

Regional Perspectives: Pacific Islands Region - added in November 2019

Regional Perspectives: Eastern and Southern Africa - added in April 2020

 

 
  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Additional teaching tools

 

This section includes links to relevant teaching aides such as PowerPoint slides and video material, that could help the lecturer teach the issues covered by the Module. Lecturers can adapt the slides and other resources to their needs. 

Documentary

  • Dark Trade

  • Sold to the Sea: Human Trafficking in Thailand's Fishing Industry

  • Art of the Heist: Den of Antiquities

  • A Smuggler's Fortune: Turkey

  • Skin and Bone (organ harvesting)

  • Cyber Paedophiles: Webcam Predators in the Philippines - 101 East

  • Thailand's Blood Timber - 101 East

  • The Trade (heroin trafficking)

 

 

Supported by the State of Qatar

60 years Crime Congress