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Doha Declaration

Education for Justice

  • Home
    • E4J Global Dialogue Series December 2020
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    • E4J High Level Conference Vienna October 2019
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  • Secondary
    • Justice Accelerators
    • Model United Nations (MUN)
      • E4J MUN Resource Guide
        • Introduction
        • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
          • Corruption
          • Organized Crime
          • Firearms
          • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
          • Cybercrime
          • Terrorism
          • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice Reform
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          • Corruption
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          • Terrorism
          • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
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      • Running out of Time
    • Online Games
      • Zorbs Reloaded
      • Disonante
    • Videos
      • Anti-Corruption
        • Introduction
        • Developing a Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Anti-Corruption Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Firearms Trafficking
        • Introduction
        • Developing a Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Firearms Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Human Trafficking
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Human Trafficking Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Organized Crime
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Organized Crime Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Human Trafficking Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
      • Terrorism & Violent Extremism
        • Introduction
        • Rationale for Using the Video
        • Previewing the Video
        • Viewing the Video with a Purpose
        • Post-viewing Activities
        • Resources
    • Comics
    • Criminal Justice & Crime Prevention
    • Corruption & Integrity
    • Organized Crime
    • Cybercrime
    • Human Trafficking & Migrant Smuggling
    • Firearms Trafficking
    • Terrorism & Violent Extremism
    • UNODC-UNESCO Partnership for Global Citizenship Education
      • UNODC-UNESCO Guide for Policymakers
      • UNODC-UNESCO Handbooks for Teachers
  • Tertiary
    • Anti-Corruption
      • Module 1: What Is Corruption and Why Should We Care?
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Corruption - Baseline Definition
          • Effects of Corruption
          • Deeper Meanings of Corruption
          • Measuring Corruption
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
        • Appendix: How Corruption Affects the SDGs
      • Module 2: Corruption and Good Governance
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • What is Governance?
          • What is Good Governance?
          • Corruption and Bad Governance
          • Governance Reforms and Anti-Corruption
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 3: Corruption and Comparative Politics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Types of Political Systems
          • Corruption and Democracy
          • Corruption and Authoritarian Systems
          • Hybrid Systems and Syndromes of Corruption
          • The Deep Democratization Approach
          • Political Parties and Political Finance
          • Political Institution-building as a Means to Counter Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 4: Public Sector Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Manifestations and Consequences of Public Sector Corruption
          • Causes of Public Sector Corruption
          • Theories that Explain Corruption
          • Corruption in Public Procurement
          • Corruption in State-Owned Enterprises
          • Responses to Public Sector Corruption
          • Preventing Public Sector Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 5: Private Sector Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Forms & Manifestations of Private Sector Corruption
          • Consequences of Private Sector Corruption
          • Causes of Private Sector Corruption
          • Responses to Private Sector Corruption
          • Preventing Private Sector Corruption
          • Collective Action & Public-Private Partnerships against Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 6: Detecting and Investigating Corruption
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Transparency as a Precondition
          • Detection Mechanisms - Auditing and Reporting
          • Whistle-blowing Systems and Protections
          • Investigation of Corruption
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 7: Corruption and Human Rights
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Brief background on the human rights system
          • Overview of the corruption-human rights nexus
          • Impact of corruption on specific human rights
          • Approaches to assessing the corruption-human rights nexus
          • Human-rights based approach
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 8: Corruption and Gender
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining sex, gender and gender mainstreaming
          • Gender differences in corruption
          • Theories explaining the gender–corruption nexus
          • Gendered impacts of corruption
          • Anti-corruption and gender mainstreaming
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 9: Corruption in Education
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Manifestations of corruption in education
          • Costs of corruption in education
          • Causes of corruption in education
          • Fighting corruption in education
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 10: Citizen Participation in Anti-Corruption Efforts
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Core terms and concepts
          • The role of citizens in fighting corruption
          • The role, risks and challenges of CSOs fighting corruption
          • The role of the media in fighting corruption
          • Access to information: a condition for citizen participation
          • ICT as a tool for citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts
          • Government obligations to ensure citizen participation in anti-corruption efforts
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
    • Counter-Terrorism
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Brief History of Terrorism
          • 19th Century Terrorism
          • League of Nations & Terrorism
          • United Nations & Terrorism
          • Terrorist Victimization
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Radicalization & Violent Extremism
          • Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
          • Drivers of Violent Extremism
          • International Approaches to PVE &CVE
          • Regional & Multilateral Approaches
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Rule of Law
          • UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
          • International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
          • Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
          • Regional & National Approaches
          • International Legal Frameworks
          • International Human Rights Law
          • International Humanitarian Law
          • International Refugee Law
          • Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Terrorism
          • Criminal Justice Responses
          • Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
          • Core International Crimes
          • International Courts and Tribunals
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • African Region
          • Inter-American Region
          • Asian Region
          • European Region
          • Middle East & Gulf Regions
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Core Principles of IHL
          • Categorization of Armed Conflict
          • Classification of Persons
          • IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
          • Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
          • Derogation during Public Emergency
          • Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 8: Right to Life
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Human Rights Instruments
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • International Humanitarian Law
          • Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
          • Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
          • Death Penalty
          • Enforced Disappearances
          • Armed Conflict Context
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
          • Convention against Torture et al.
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • International Humanitarian Law
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 10: Arrest & Detention
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • International Human Rights Instruments
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • Key Contemporary Issues
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • Regional Human Rights Instruments
          • Key Contemporary Issues
            • Investigative Phase
            • Trial & Sentencing Phase
          • Armed Conflict
        • Exercises & Case Studies
          • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Legal Framework
          • Regional & National Approaches
          • Key Contemporary Issues
          • Special Investigative Techniques
          • Surveillance & Interception of Communications
          • Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
          • Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Principle of Non-Discrimination
          • Freedom of Religion
          • Freedom of Expression
          • Freedom of Assembly
          • Freedom of Association
          • Fundamental Freedoms
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Definition of 'Victim'
          • Effects of Terrorism
          • Access to Justice
          • Recognition of the Victim
          • Legal Framework
            • Human Rights Instruments
            • International Human Rights Law
            • Regional Human Rights Instruments
            • Criminal Justice Mechanisms
            • Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
            • National Approaches
          • Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
      • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
      • Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
          • Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
          • Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist fighters
          • Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and fundamental freedoms
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • References
    • Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
      • Teaching Guide
        • Introduction
        • Overview of Modules
          • Thematic Areas
          • Content Breakdown
        • Module Adaptation & Design Guidelines
        • Teaching Methods
        • Conclusion
        • References
        • Acknowledgements
      • Module 1: United Nations Norms & Standards on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Introducing United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ vis-à-vis International Law
          • 2. Scope of United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ
          • 3. United Nations Standards & Norms on CPCJ in Operation
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 2: Crime Prevention
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Definition of Crime Prevention
          • 2. Key Crime Prevention Typologies
          • 2. (cont.) Tonry & Farrington’s Typology
          • 3. Crime Problem-Solving Approaches
          • 4. What Works
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Further Resources
          • United Nations Entities
          • Regional Crime Prevention Councils/Institutions
          • Key Clearinghouses
          • Systematic Reviews
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 3: Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Proceedings
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Introduction to International Standards & Norms
          • 2. Identifying the Need for Legal Aid
          • 3. Key Components of the Right of Access to Legal Aid
          • 4. Access to Legal Aid for Those with Specific Needs
          • 5. Models for Governing, Administering and Funding Legal Aid
          • 6. Models for Delivering Legal Aid Services
          • 7. Roles and Responsibilities of Legal Aid Providers
          • 8. Quality Assurance and Legal Aid Services
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 4: Use of Force and Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Context for Use of Force by Law Enforcement Officials
          • 2. Legal Framework
          • 3. General Principles of Use of Force in Law Enforcement
          • 4. Use of Firearms
          • 5. Use of “Less-Lethal” Weapons
          • 6. Protection of Especially Vulnerable Groups
          • 7. Use of Force during Assemblies
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 5: Police Accountability, Integrity and Oversight
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Policing in democracies & need for accountability, integrity, oversight
          • 2. Key mechanisms & actors in police accountability, oversight
          • 3. Crosscutting & contemporary issues in police accountability
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 6: Prison Reform
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Introducing Aims of Punishment, Imprisonment & Prison Reform
          • 2. Current Trends, Challenges & Human Rights
          • 3. Towards Humane Prisons & Alternative Sanctions
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 7: Alternatives to Imprisonment
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Aims and Significance of Alternatives to Imprisonment
          • 2. Justifying Punishment in the Community
          • 3. Pretrial Alternatives
          • 4. Post Trial Alternatives
          • 5. Evaluating Alternatives
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 8: Restorative Justice
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Concept, Values and Origin of Restorative Justice
          • 2. Overview of Restorative Justice Processes
          • 3. How Cost Effective is Restorative Justice?
          • 4. Issues in Implementing Restorative Justice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 9: Gender in the Criminal Justice System
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Gender-Based Discrimination & Women in Conflict with the Law
          • 2. Vulnerabilities of Girls in Conflict with the Law
          • 3. Discrimination and Violence against LGBTI Individuals
          • 4. Gender Diversity in Criminal Justice Workforce
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 10: Violence against Women and Girls
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Key Terms
          • 1. Ending Violence against Women
          • 2. Human Rights Approaches to Violence against Women
          • 3. Who Has Rights in this Situation?
          • 4. What about the Men?
          • 5. Local, Regional & Global Solutions to Violence against Women & Girls
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 11: Access to Justice for Victims
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. Understanding the Concept of Victims of Crime
          • 2. Impact of Crime, including Trauma
          • 3. Right of Victims to Adequate Response to their Needs
          • 4. Collecting Victim Data
          • 5. Victims and their Participation in Criminal Justice Process
          • 6. Victim Services: Institutional and Non-Governmental Organizations
          • 7. Outlook on Current Developments Regarding Victims
          • 8. Victims of Crime and International Law
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 12: Violence against Children
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. The Many Forms of Violence against Children
          • 2. The Impact of Violence on Children
          • 3. States' Obligations to Prevent VAC and Protect Child Victims
          • 4. Improving the Prevention of Violence against Children
          • 5. Improving the Criminal Justice Response to VAC
          • 6. Addressing Violence against Children within the Justice System
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 13: Justice for Children
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1. The Role of the Justice System
          • 2. Convention on the Rights of the Child & International Legal Framework on Children's Rights
          • 3. Justice for Children
          • 4. Justice for Children in Conflict with the Law
          • 5. Realizing Justice for Children
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-alone Course
      • Module 14: Independence of the Judiciary and the Role of Prosecutors
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • 1a. Judicial Independence as Fundamental Value of Rule of Law & of Constitutionalism
          • 1b. Main Factors Aimed at Securing Judicial Independence
          • 2a. Public Prosecutors as ‘Gate Keepers’ of Criminal Justice
          • 2b. Institutional and Functional Role of Prosecutors
          • 2c. Other Factors Affecting the Role of Prosecutors
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Cybercrime
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basics of Computing
          • Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
          • Cybercrime in Brief
          • Cybercrime Trends
          • Cybercrime Prevention
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Offences against computer data and systems
          • Computer-related offences
          • Content-related offences
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • The Role of Cybercrime Law
          • Harmonization of Laws
          • International and Regional Instruments
          • International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Digital Evidence
          • Digital Forensics
          • Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Reporting Cybercrime
          • Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
          • Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
          • Knowledge Management
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Legal and Ethical Obligations
          • Handling of Digital Evidence
          • Digital Evidence Admissibility
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
          • Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
          • Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
          • Data Retention, Preservation and Access
          • Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
          • National Capacity and International Cooperation
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Internet Governance
          • Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
          • National Cybersecurity Strategies
          • International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
          • Cybersecurity Posture
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
          • Risk
          • Vulnerability Disclosure
          • Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
          • Situational Crime Prevention
          • Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
          • Privacy and Security
          • Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
          • Data Protection Legislation
          • Data Breach Notification Laws
          • Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Intellectual Property: What it is
          • Types of Intellectual Property
          • Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
          • Protection & Prevention Efforts
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
          • Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
          • Cyberbullying
          • Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
          • Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
          • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
          • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
          • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
          • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Hacktivism
          • Cyberespionage
          • Cyberterrorism
          • Cyberwarfare
          • Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
          • Responses to Cyberinterventions
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Firearms
      • Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Framing the Issue of Firearms
          • Direct Impact of Firearms
          • Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
          • International and National Responses
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Typology and Classification of Firearms
          • Common Firearms Types
          • 'Other' Types of Firearms
          • Parts and Components
          • Ammunition
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • History of the Legitimate Arms Market
          • Need for a Legitimate Market
          • Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
          • Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
          • Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
          • Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
          • Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
          • Sources of Illicit Firearms
          • Consequences of Illicit Markets
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International Public Law & Transnational Law
          • International Instruments with Global Outreach
          • Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global Instruments
          • Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
          • Other United Nations Processes
          • The Sustainable Development Goals
          • Multilateral & Regional Instruments
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Scope of National Firearms Regulations
          • National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
          • Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms Instruments
          • Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
          • Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
          • Criminal Gangs
          • Terrorist Groups
          • Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist Groups
          • Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
          • International Response
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • International and National Legal Framework
          • Firearms Related Offences
          • Role of Law Enforcement
          • Firearms as Evidence
          • Use of Special Investigative Techniques
          • International Cooperation and Information Exchange
          • Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Integrity & Ethics
      • Teaching Guide
        • Introduction
        • Teaching Methods & Principles
        • Ethical Learning Environments
        • Overview of Modules
        • Module Adaption & Design Guidelines
        • Table of Exercises
        • Acknowledgements
      • Module 1: Conceptual Framework
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 2: Ethics & Universal Values
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 3: Ethics & Society
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 4: Ethical Leadership
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 5: Ethics, Diversity, Pluralism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 6: Challenges to Ethical Living
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 7: Strategies for Ethical Action
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 8: Behavioural Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 9: Gender Dimension of Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basic Terms
          • Forms of Gender Discrimination
          • Ethics of Care
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 10: Media Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 11: Business Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 12: Integrity, Ethics & Law
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 13: Public Integrity & Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
      • Module 14: Professional Ethics
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies for Professional Ethics
          • Case Studies for Role Morality
          • Additional Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
        • Guidelines for Stand-Alone Course
    • Organized Crime
      • Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Defining Organized Crime
          • Definition in Convention
          • Similarities & Differences
          • Activities, Organization, Composition
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
          • Conspiracy
          • Criminal Association
          • Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
          • Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
          • Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Drug Trafficking
          • Firearms Trafficking
          • Wildlife & Forest Crime
          • Counterfeit Products Trafficking
          • Falsified Medical Products
          • Trafficking in Cultural Property
          • Trafficking in Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Extortion
          • Extortion Racketeering
          • Loansharking
          • Links to Corruption
          • Bribery versus Extortion
          • Money-Laundering
          • Liability of Legal Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • How much Organized Crime is there?
          • Alternative Ways for Measuring
          • Measuring Product Markets
          • Risk Assessment
          • Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
          • Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
          • Risk Assessment of Product Markets
          • Risk Assessment in Practice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Exercises & Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Positivism: Environmental Influences
          • Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
          • Structural Factors
          • Ethical Perspective
          • Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Models and Structure
          • Hierarchical Model
          • Local, Cultural Model
          • Enterprise or Business Model
          • Groups vs Activities
          • Networked Structure
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Jurisdiction
          • Investigators of Organized Crime
          • Special Investigative Techniques
            • Controlled Deliveries
            • Physical & Electronic Surveillance
            • Undercover Operations
            • Financial Analysis
            • Use of Informants
          • Rights of Victims & Witnesses
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Role of Prosecutors
          • Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
          • Mitigating Punishment
          • Granting Immunity from Prosecution
          • Witness Protection
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
          • Sentencing Options
          • Alternatives to Imprisonment
          • Death Penalty & Organized Crime
          • Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
          • Confiscation
          • Confiscation in Practice
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
          • Role Play
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: International Cooperation
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
          • Extradition
          • Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
          • Transfer of Sentenced Persons
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies
          • Thinking Critically Through Fiction
          • Excerpts of Legislation
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
          • Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
          • Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
          • Cyber Organized Crime Activities
          • Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
          • Conclusion
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
          • Historical Context
          • Features of the Convention
          • Protocols
          • Related international instruments
          • UNODC
          • Conference of the Parties
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises
          • Case Studies & Exercises
          • MUN Simulation
            • Format
            • Roles of Participants
            • Structure and Flow
            • Recommended Topics
            • Background Materials
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Research & Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
          • Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
          • Gender and Organized Crime
          • Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
          • Summary
          • References
        • Exercises & Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Definitions and Terminology
          • Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
          • International Terrorism-related Conventions
          • UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
          • Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
          • Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
          • Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
          • Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
          • Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
          • Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
          • Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
          • Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
          • Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
          • Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
          • Summary
          • References
        • Case Studies
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
          • Review and Assessment Questions
          • Quiz 16
          • Research and Independent Study Questions
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
      • Teaching Guide
      • Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
          • UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
          • Offences under the Protocol
          • Financial & Other Material Benefits
          • Aggravating Circumstances
          • Criminal Liability
          • Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
          • Scope of the Protocol
          • Humanitarian Exemption
          • Jurisdiction
          • Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
          • Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
          • International Human Rights and Refugee Law
          • Vulnerable groups
          • Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
          • Identification of Smuggled Migrants
          • Participation in Legal Proceedings
          • Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
          • Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
          • Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
          • Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
          • Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
          • Testimonial Evidence
          • Financial Investigations
          • Media
          • Non-Governmental Organizations
          • ‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
          • Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
          • Admissibility of Evidence
          • Sentencing
          • International Cooperation
          • Exchange of Information
          • Training
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
          • Administrative Approach
          • Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
          • Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
          • Human Security
          • International Aid and Cooperation
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Migration & Migrant Smuggling
          • Mixed Migration Flows
          • Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
          • Vulnerability
          • Profile of Smugglers
          • Role of Organized Criminal Groups
          • Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
        • Exercises
        • Additional Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Crime of Trafficking in Persons
          • International Legal Framework
          • The Issue of Consent
          • The Purpose of Exploitation
          • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
          • Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
          • Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
          • Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Root Causes
          • Supply Side Prevention Strategies
          • Demand Side Prevention Strategies
          • Role of the Media
          • Safe Migration Channels
          • Crime Prevention Strategies
          • Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Trafficked Persons as Victims
          • Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
          • Broader International Framework
          • State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
          • Identification of Victims
          • Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
          • Role of the Criminal Justice System
          • Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
          • Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
          • Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
          • Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • State Cooperation with Civil Society
          • Civil Society Actors
          • The Private Sector
          • The Public
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Comparing SOM and TIP
          • Differences and Commonalities
          • Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
          • When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
            • Labour Exploitation
            • Forced Marriage
            • Other Examples
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Children on the Move
          • Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
          • Protection in Practice
          • Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
          • International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
          • Global Overview on TIP and SOM
          • Gender and Migration
          • Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
          • Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
          • Responses to TIP and SOM
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
          • Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
          • Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
          • Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
          • Privacy and Data Concerns
          • Emerging Trends
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Other Resources
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
    • Wildlife Crime
      • Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Demand and Consumption
          • Data
          • Supply and Demand
          • Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
          • Legal and Illegal Markets
          • Perpetrators and their Networks
          • Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Environmental Protection & Conservation
          • CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
          • Organized Crime & Corruption
          • Animal Welfare
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Core Reading
        • Advanced Reading
        • Student Assessment
        • Additional Teaching Tools
      • Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
        • Introduction & Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
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          • References
        • Exercises
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      • Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
        • Introduction and Learning Outcomes
        • Key Issues
          • Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
          • Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
          • How is it Done and Who is Involved?
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        • Key Issues
          • Terminology
          • Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement
          • Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation
          • Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies
          • International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs
          • Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking
          • Critiques of community engagement
          • Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations
          • References
        • Exercises
        • Possible Class Structure
        • Additional Teaching Tools
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      • Nov. 2020: Expert Workshop for University Lecturers and Trainers from the Commonwealth of Independent States
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  • Tertiary
  • Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
  • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
  • Key Issues
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  • E4J University Module Series: Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants

  • Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons

  • Introduction and learning outcomes

  • Key issues

    • The crime of trafficking in persons
    • The international legal framework
    • The issue of consent
    • The purpose of exploitation
    • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
    • Indicators of trafficking in persons
    • The distinction between trafficking in persons and other crimes
    • Misconceptions regarding trafficking in persons
  • Exercises

  • Possible class structure

  • Core reading

  • Advanced reading

  • Other resources

  • Student assessment

  • Additional teaching tools

 

Published in March 2019 

 

 
  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Key issues

 

The sub-pages to this section provide a descriptive overview of the key issues that lecturers might want to cover with their students when teaching on this topic:

  • The crime of trafficking in persons
  • The international legal framework
  • The issue of consent
  • The purpose of exploitation
  • The abuse of a position of vulnerability
  • Indicators of trafficking in persons
  • The distinction between trafficking in persons and other crimes
  • Misconceptions regarding trafficking in persons
 
Next: The crime of trafficking in persons
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